Impacts of psychotropic pharmaceuticals on aquatic ecosystems: a biochemical assessment of chlorpromazine effects in single and combined exposures on a model organism using in silico and in vitro approaches

Abstract

Our current research demonstrates the significant efficacy of a multi-marker approach, combined with an in silico study, in assessing the environmental impacts of complex exposures on model aquatic organisms. This study's objective was to explore the effects of prevalent pollutants, specifically a glyphosate-containing pesticide and the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine, on Unio tumidus mussels at environmentally relevant concentrations. Through discriminant analysis, we observed that the glyphosate and control groups exhibited less differentiation, whereas chlorpromazine induced substantial response diversity. Furthermore, complex exposures appeared to abolish the distinct individual response traits. In summary, applying multi-marker expertise, particularly with the use of integrated indices, offers clear advantages when evaluating the effects of complex environmental stressors.